Exploring the inner-workings of custom Git commands

How Git runs commands

In order to better understand how Git custom commands work, this section contains a detailed look at how Git runs commands. If you would rather just learn how to make a custom command, skip ahead.

The core of Git’s command processing is in static int run_argv() in git.c. To focus on the code that matters most, I have replicated a sweetened condensed version below, with most error and edge-case handling omitted, and a few rewritten lines for clarity. See the full source for more details.

static int run_argv(int *argcp, const char ***argv)
{
    /* tracks if aliases have been expanded */
    int done_alias = 0;

    while (1) {
        if (!done_alias) {
            /* if not an alias, try running a builtin command */
            handle_builtin(*argcp, *argv);
        }
        else if (get_builtin(**argv)) {
            /* otherwise run the aliased command in a subprocess */
            run_command(*argv);
        }

        /* not a builtin, try an external (custom) command */
        execv_dashed_external(*argv);

        /* omitted code for expanding aliases */
        if (!handle_alias(argcp, argv)) {
            /* no alias to expand, invalid command */
            break;
        }

        /* alias found, try again */
        done_alias = 1;
    }

    return done_alias;
}

I have an alias git st to run git status, and we will use that as a working example when walking through this code. Here is what happens when I run git st.

Because no alias has been expanded yet, handle_builtin() will be called. Inside this function Git searches through the registered builtin commands stored in struct cmd_struct commands[] for a matching name. The commands array stores the name of the command like log or status, a function pointer to the command, and various option flags for the command. If a match is found, the function pointer is executed in static int run_builtin(), passing in any arguments to the command. In our case, st isn’t recognized as a builtin command, so handle_builtin() will return without calling exit(), allowing the remainder of run_argv() to continue.

If no matching builtin command is found, the execv_dashed_external() function is run. This is where external or custom commands are executed. The name of the command is appended to the string git- and a subprocess is started with a call to execve() in a forked child. Here an attempt to execute git-st will fail and continue onto alias expansion.

If no external command is found, Git attempts to expand any aliases. After a successful alias expansion the while loop restarts and Git attempts to process the expanded command. Because of side effects of expanding aliases, it is no longer safe to invoke builtin functions via the function pointers.² For builtin commands of expanded aliases, Git will spawn a subprocess to handle the command. Here st will expand to status. This is recognized as a builtin command, and a subprocess will be spawned to run git status.

As a recap, when running git <name>:

1. Git first attempts to run the builtin command name.
2. If the builtin was not found, Git attempts to run the external command “git-name”.
3. If no external command was found, aliases are expanded and the process repeats.
4. Both external commands and expanded aliases are run as subprocesses.

This process can be seen by setting the GIT_TRACE environment variable to true.

$ GIT_TRACE=true git status
19:56:51.952359 git.c:458               trace: built-in: git status
...

With the full command, Git simply calls the builtin function. Here is the output from running my git st alias.

$ GIT_TRACE=true git st
19:57:46.125010 git.c:745               trace: exec: git-st
19:57:46.125057 run-command.c:654       trace: run_command: git-st
19:57:46.125216 git.c:396               trace: alias expansion: st => status
19:57:46.125227 git.c:806               trace: exec: git status
19:57:46.125232 run-command.c:654       trace: run_command: git status
19:57:46.126791 git.c:458               trace: built-in: git status
...

With an alias, an attempt to exec the nonexistent git-st command is made. Then “st” is expanded to “status” and git status is made with an execve() call. The final log line is output from the subprocess, reflecting the same output as running git status in the previous example.

I found this process very interesting, and it helps to understand how Git handles custom commands before writing your own.

Writing a custom Git command

A custom Git command is an executable on your PATH that starts with git-. That’s it. So long as the file can be located and is executable, the contents of the file do not matter, nor does the programming language.

The example that first taught me about custom commands (matze/git-utils) is written in Rust. As an example I will recreate the basics of matze’s git pick command for cherry picking, but written as a fish shell script instead. Here is my final script, saved as ~/.local/bin/git-pick.

#!/usr/bin/env fish
if test -z "$argv"
    echo "usage: git pick [branch]"
    exit 1
end

set hash (git log -n 100 --format=reference $argv | zf --plain --keep-order | cut -f1 -d" ")

if test -n "$hash"
    git cherry-pick $hash
end

This script pipes the output of git log to my zf fuzzy finder to select a hash. If a hash was selected, git cherry-pick is executed. With this git-pick script on my PATH, running git pick will execute this script. Here’s a short demo:

I also wrote fish completions for git pick so I can get branch suggestions on tab.

I won’t go into more detail because there are many other articles that sufficiently cover this process. Please refer to those or others for more information!

Thoughts

Arguably Git custom commands aren’t the most effective solution. I could instead rename my git-pick command to pick and have less to type. Or I could just as easily run git-pick instead of git pick to get the same effect. It is nevertheless satisfying to easily make my own commands that feel like they are part of Git. Additionally, if I create a git-pick man page, running git pick --help will show the man page for help.

On the other hand, Git does provide support for external commands. This isn’t just a side effect, it seems to be intentional based on the function names in the code. Overall, I appreciate that Git offers this feature. It allows extension of the core Git tools in a way that feels native, regardless of the actual utility of the final result.

1. As I discuss later, a Git command isn’t that special, just a way to run an executable on your path. Also, aliases starting with a ! will be run as a shell command which is similar to custom commands.↩︎︎

2. This information is from a comment in run_argv(). I’m not exactly sure why this would cause issues.↩︎︎